Branch Education

The 3-Nanometer Air Gap Inside Every Hard Drive

225K views · 6d ago · 5:18

You may think the technology inside hard drives is old and slow, especially next to modern SSDs, but every HDD hides engineering so precise it sounds impossible. First, a read-write head glides just 3 nanometers above platters whose outer edge moves at about 75 miles per hour, never touching the surface. Second, it writes and reads data in magnetic regions only about 30 nanometers across as the disk races past.

Topics: It’s more than just a simple Hard Drive... · Linear edge speed of 75mph · A 15-molecule air gap · Storing data in 30nm size blocks. · Moving the read/write head. · 400,000 Tracks is a LOT.

▶️ Mentioned videos: How does DRAM Work? · How do SSDs Work? · How do Hard Drives Work?

How does Tap to Pay Work?

764K views · 1mo ago · 30:18

Animation: Mike Radjabov, Sherdil Davronov, Muazzam Azizova, Max Botirov, Javoxir Parpiyev, Shohruz Asrorov Research, Script and Editing: Jerry Howard, editing by Teddy Tablante Modeling: Azizakhon Mukhammedova, Max Botirov, Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design by Drilu Sound Design and Mix: Luis Huesca

Topics: How does Tap to Pay Work? · Teardown of a Payment Terminal · Inside a Credit Card · RFID Blocking Wallets, Charging Pads & Induction Stoves · Wireless NFC Communication · Entirely Created By Human Hands – No AI

How do microSD Cards Store 2 TB in such a TINY space?

1.5M views · 2mo ago · 6:07

Key Branches from this video are How do SSDs Work? How do Hard Drives Work? How does DRAM Work? Animation: Adrei Dulay Research, Script and Editing: Teddy Tablante Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design by Drilu Sound Design and Mix: Luis Huesca

Topics: microSD Cards, storing the entirety of the internet in a room. · What’s inside microSD Cards? · How are microSD Cards manufactured? · Packaging the microSD Card · IEEE Spectrum

▶️ Mentioned videos: How do SSDs Work? · How do Hard Drives Work? · How does DRAM Work?

📄 Mentioned papers: Paper on spectrum.ieee.org

How does Computer Cache, Memory, and Storage Work? 🖥️💿🛠️

523K views · 5mo ago · 27:27

To learn more about how Micron memory and storage help enable AI at every level, visit Interested in working with Micron to make cutting-edge memory and storage solutions? Work at Micron Your computer has over a dozen different memory and storage locations—from CPU registers to DRAM, SSDs and hard drives—and it needs every single one. In this video, you’ll see exactly why. We're breaking down the entire explanation of the memory hierarchy into three parts.

Topics: Why do computers use so many different data memory & storage locations? · Why use Registers, Cache, Memory, and Storage? · Building the visual representation of data · University Lecture on the Memory Hierarchy · Cloud Storage · How do Solid State Drives Work? Storage

▶️ Mentioned videos: How does DRAM Work? · How do SSDs Work? · How do Hard Drives Work?

The Incredible Evolution of Computers

905K views · 8mo ago · 33:39

Computers used to be huge, taking up an entire room, yet modern smartphones that fit in your pocket are millions of times more powerful than those room‐sized mainframes. So how did we get from heavy, slow computers to incredibly powerful smartphones? Well, in this video, we’ll explore the evolution of computers over the past 80 years and also look ahead to the future of computing and AI processors.

Topics: The Evolution of Computers 1945-2026 · Computer Disassembly · Much more than Moore's Law · The 8 Ages of Computer Evolution · Dozens of Zeroes of Processing Power · Age 1: Transistorization

The Engineering that Runs the Digital World 🛠️⚙️💻 How do CPUs Work?

3.3M views · 12mo ago · 36:23

Have you ever wondered how CPUs work? Well, in this video, we take a 3D animated tour of a Central Processing Unit and see exactly how it works. Central Processing Units, or CPUs, are incredibly complicated, and they practically run the modern world. CPUs can be found in every desktop computer, laptop, video game console, smartphone, and any other device you use on a daily basis.

Topics: The CPU Inside Your Computer · The Technological DNA of CPUs · Teardown of a Laptop · A CPU Die · Analogy of a CPU · Explaining the CPU Analogy

The $200M Machine that Prints Microchips: The EUV Photolithography System

2.4M views · 1y ago · 38:31

Interested in working on the forefront of technological innovation at ASML? Discover here Still hungry to learn more about ASML's EUV lithography systems? Explore here Inside microchips are nanometer-sized transistors and wires, but how are these nanoscopic structures built? Well, in this video, we’ll explore the EUV Photolithography System built by ASML.

Topics: Exploring CPUs, GPUs, DRAM, SSDs, and SOCs · Printing Nanoscopic Lines · The Basics of CPU Manufacturing · Different Types of Lithography Tools EUV vs DUV · Why we use Extreme Ultra Violet Light · Producing the EUV Light using Tin Droplets

▶️ Mentioned videos: Key Branches this video are: How are CPUs Made?

How do Transistors Build into a CPU? 🖥️🤔 How do Transistors Work? 🖥️🤔

2.6M views · 1y ago · 26:45

Inside your smartphone, there are billions of transistors, but have you ever wondered how they actually work and how they can be combined to perform tasks like multiplying two numbers together? One rather interesting thing is that transistors are a lot like Lego Bricks assembled together to build a massive Lego set, which we’ll explore further. In this video, we dive into the nanoscopic world of transistors.

Topics: Inside your Desktop Computer · Transistors are like Lego Pieces · Lego Bricks vs Transistors and Standard Cells · Examining the Inverter Standard Cell · How do Basic Transistors work? · Schematic for an Inverter Standard Cell

How do Wireless Headphones Work?

196K views · 1y ago · 2:01

AirPods are a great example of how wireless headphones blend hardware and software for a seamless user experience. The H1 chip doesn’t just manage Bluetooth, it handles real-time audio tuning, low-latency syncing between both earbuds, and even noise balancing based on your environment.

How do Graphics Cards Work? Exploring GPU Architecture

7.8M views · 2y ago · 28:30

Interested in working with Micron to make cutting-edge memory chips? Work at Micron Learn more about Micron's Graphic Memory! Explore Here Curious about AI memory and HBM3E? Take a look Graphics Cards can run some of the most incredible video games, but how many calculations do they perform every single second? Well, some of the most advanced graphics perform 36 Trillion calculations or more every single second.

Topics: How many calculations do Graphics Cards Perform? · The Difference between GPUs and CPUs? · GPU GA102 Architecture · GPU GA102 Manufacturing · CUDA Core Design · Graphics Cards Components

▶️ Mentioned videos: Key Branches this video are: How do Video Game Graphics Work?

How does Ray Tracing Work in Video Games and Movies?

1.6M views · 2y ago · 29:22

TV and Movies have a ton of Computer Generated Images [CGI] to create fantasy worlds with dragons and castles, futuristic intergalactic civilizations, or historically accurate cities of 1700s Japan, such as in the recent TV show Shogun. But have you ever wondered how these CGI / Computer Generated Images are made? And how are these scenes so accurate that they fool the eye into thinking they are real.

Topics: How does CGI Computer Generated Images Work? · How is Ray Tracing an Incredibly Difficult Problem to Solve · How to Create a CGI Scene · Rendering a Scene with Ray Tracing · Lighting a Scene with Ray Tracing: Global Illumination · Material Roughness and Bouncing Rays

▶️ Mentioned videos: Key Branches this video are: How do Video Game Graphics Work?

📰 Mentioned news: Apple Computer by Ed Uthman

How are Microchips Made? 🖥️🛠️ CPU Manufacturing Process Steps

11.9M views · 2y ago · 27:48

Integrated Circuits, CPUs, GPUs, Systems on a Chip, Microcontroller Chips, and all the other different types of microchips are the brains of all the devices and technology that we use on a daily basis. But have you ever wondered how these microchips are made? Well, in this video, we're going to take a tour of a microchip fabrication plant or fab and walk you through the dozens of steps used to make a microchip. Specifically, we focus on how CPUs are made.

Topics: How are Transistors Manufactured? · The nanoscopic processes vs the microchip fab · What's inside a CPU? · What are FinFet Transistors · Imagine Baking a Cake · Simplified Steps for Microchip Manufacturing

How do Digital and Analog Clocks Work?

664K views · 2y ago · 15:36

Have you ever wondered how a clock signal that ticks once every few nanoseconds is generated? A billion times a second clock would indeed be an impossible feat a hundred years ago. But, you'd be surprised to find that the clock inside your smartphone is rather identical to an analog wall clock that ticks through the seconds, minutes, and hours of the day.

Topics: Digital Clocks vs Analog Clocks · The $10 Wall Clock · Gears in the Geartrain · Crystal Oscillator and Piezoelectric Effect · Resonance Frequency · Circuitry Inside a Wall Clock

How do Video Game Graphics Work?

5.4M views · 2y ago · 21:00

Have you ever wondered how video game graphics have become incredibly realistic? How can GPUs and graphics cards render such incredibly detailed scenes? Well, in this video we're going to explore how just a bunch of data in your computer gets turned into realistic graphics. Additionally, we'll take a quick look into Ray Tracing, DLSS or Deep Learning Super Sampling, and many other complicated aspects of video game graphics.

Topics: Video Game Graphics · Graphics Rendering Pipeline and Vertex Shading · Video Game Consoles & Graphics Cards · Rasterization · Visibility Z Buffer Depth Buffer · Pixel Fragment Shading

How do Electron Microscopes Work? 🔬🛠🔬 Taking Pictures of Atoms

4.8M views · 3y ago · 19:54

The nanoscopic world is wild!! Looking at basic objects like a grain of salt under an electron microscope looks like nothing you would have expected. Furthermore, have you ever wondered whether seeing a single atom is possible? Or how do scientists and engineers create only a few nanometers wide transistors? In this video, we will explore the electron microscope and how they are used to see nanoscopic objects.

Topics: The Nanoscopic World · Scanning Electron Microscope vs Transmission Electron Microscope · Basics of Transmission Electron Microscopes · Why use Electrons instead of Light? · Parts of the Electron Microscope · Magnification: Objective and Projector

How do Computer Keyboards Work? 🤔⌨⌨🛠

1.9M views · 3y ago · 11:09

You probably use a computer keyboard for dozens of hours a week, but have you ever wondered what it looked like inside of them or how it worked? Also, what's the difference between a basic and a mechanical keyboard? And what makes that clicking sound? Well, in this video, we're diving into both basic keyboards and mechanical keyboards, so stick around!

Topics: Exploring Computer Keyboards · Teardown of a Basic Computer Keyboard · How do Basic Keyboards Work? · Scanning Through the Computer Keyboard · Exploring Mechanical Keyboards · Laptop Keyboards

How does Computer Hardware Work? 💻🛠🔬 [3D Animated Teardown]

4M views · 3y ago · 17:13

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to journey through the inside of your computer? In this video, we're taking you on a 3D animated adventure to every piece of computer hardware inside a desktop computer. You'll also see a nanoscopic view of the transistors inside the CPU and GPU. This video is like a biology dissection lab; instead, we're opening up a computer and seeing all the various computer hardware inside.

Topics: 3D Computer Teardown · Central Processing Unit CPU · Motherboard · CPU Cooler · Desktop Power Supply · Graphics Card and GPU

📰 Mentioned news: Intel's 10th Generation Desktop CPUs have arrived - Still on 14nm

How do Hard Disk Drives Work? 💻💿🛠

3.3M views · 3y ago · 15:16

Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for populating the components on your PCBs. Table of Contents Key Branches from this video are: How do SSDs Work? || How does DRAM Work? Erratum: CMR is 'Conventional Magnetic Recording' not 'Classic' Magnetic Recording. CMR is also called PMR 'Perpendicular' Magnetic Recording.

Topics: Components inside a Hard Disk Drive. · Writing to an HDD. · Reading from an HDD. · Fitting more bits per area. · Cutting-edge HDD Technology

📄 Mentioned papers: Magnetic Hard Disk · Paper on spectrum.ieee.org

How does Computer Memory Work? 💻🛠

5.5M views · 4y ago · 35:33

Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Thanks to Nathan, Peter, and Jacob for helping research and review this video! They're doctoral students at the Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, and you can learn more about their program here

Topics: DRAM vs SSD · Loading a Video Game · Parts of this Video · Notes · Inside a DRAM Memory Cell · An Small Array of Memory Cells

Why are Smoke Detectors Radioactive? And How do Smoke Detectors Work?

1.2M views · 4y ago · 18:59

Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs. You probably have a few smoke detectors throughout your house, but did you know that many designs of smoke detectors are radioactive? Well in this video we explore how smoke detectors work, and how they use the radioactive isotope Americium-241 to detect smoke. We'll also explore how Geiger counters work, and then how atoms of high atomic numbers are counterintuitively small.

Topics: Components inside a Smoke Detector. · How does a radioactive isotope detect smoke? · What are the types of radiation? · Why is Americium radioactive? · How is Americium produced. · Other types of smoke detectors.

How does Starlink Satellite Internet Work?📡☄🖥

9.9M views · 4y ago · 28:09

With Starlink internet, data is continuously being sent between a ground dish and a Starlink satellite orbiting 550km above. Furthermore, the Starlink satellite zooms across the sky at 27,000km/hr! How can the dish and satellite maintain a continuous connection? And then how is data sent back and forth?

Topics: Overview of Exploring Starlink · Difference between Starlink and Broadcast Satellites · Parts Inside a Dishy McFlatface · How does an Aperture Couple Patch Antenna Work? · Electromagnetic Wave Emission · Forming a Beam that Reaches Space: Beamforming

📰 Mentioned news: SpaceX Reveals More Starlink Info After Launch of First 60 Satellites

Technology Size Comparison 🤯🤯 3D Animation

1.7M views · 4y ago · 3:52

How small is a TRANSISTOR exactly? Companies like Intel and AMD talk about transistors being 2 or 3 nanometers large, but is that actually how small they are? In this video, we're going to zoom in on the smallest devices and technologies that drive our modern world.

How do Scroll Wheels Work? 🖱🛠🔬

671K views · 4y ago · 10:47

Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs. Have you ever scrolled a scroll wheel and wondered how it scrolls? Scroll is a rather strange word, isn't it?

Topics: Inside an Optical Scroll Wheel · Direction of Rotation · Inside a Magnetic Scroll Wheel · Pushbuttons and Free Spinning Vs Ratchet Mode · PCBWay

📰 Mentioned news: Article on theverge.com

How are Images Compressed? [46MB ↘↘ 4.07MB] JPEG In Depth

4.2M views · 4y ago · 18:47

You've probably saved 1000s of JPEG images, but do you know what exactly JPEG does? Our smartphones and cameras save images in JPEG format, furthermore, the majority of images you see on the internet are saved using JPEG compression. This format is everywhere, but do you know exactly how it works? Well in this video we're going to explore the JPEG compression format. This is a rather complicated video, so it may take watching it a few times through to understand it all.

Topics: What does JPEG do? · What are the Steps of JPEG? · Color Space Conversion · Discrete Cosine Transform · Quantization · Run Length and Huffman Encoding